Bit line gate transistor structure for a multilevel, dual-sided nonvolatile memory cell NAND flash array

ABSTRACT

A nonvolatile memory structure with pairs of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable select transistors connected to the top and optionally to the bottom of NAND series strings of groups of the dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells for controlling connection of the NAND series string to an associated bit line. A first of the threshold voltage adjustable select transistors has its threshold voltage level adjusted to a first threshold voltage level and a second of the threshold voltage adjustable select transistors adjusted to a second threshold voltage level. The pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable select transistors is connected to a first of two associated bit lines. The NAND nonvolatile memory strings further is connected to a pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors that is connected to the second associated bit line.

RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS

U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/918,116, filed on Mar. 14, 2007, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/903,731, filed on Feb. 26, 2007, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 601904,294, filed on Feb. 28, 2007, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 12/075,677 filed on Mar. 13, 2008, assigned to the same assignee as the present invention, and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 12/069,228 filed on Feb. 8, 2008, assigned to the same assignee as the present invention, and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 12/069,637 filed on Feb. 12, 2008, assigned to the same assignee as the present invention, and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates generally to nonvolatile memory array structures and operation. More particularly, this invention relates to bit line structures of dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells. Even more particularly, this invention relates to a pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable select gating structure for a NAND series string of dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells.

2. Description of Related Art

Nonvolatile memory is well known in the art. The different types of nonvolatile memory include Read-Only-Memory (ROM), Electrically Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM), Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM), NOR Flash Memory, and NAND Flash Memory. In current applications such as personal digital assistants, cellular telephones, notebook and laptop computers, voice recorders, global positioning systems, etc., the Flash Memory has become one of the more popular types of Nonvolatile Memory. Flash Memory has the combined advantages of the high density, small silicon area, low cost and can be repeatedly programmed and erased with a single low-voltage power supply voltage source.

The Flash Memory structures known in the art employ a charge storage mechanism and a charge trapping mechanism. The charge storage regime, as with a floating gate nonvolatile memory, the charge represents digital data stored on a floating gate of the device. The stored charge modifies the threshold voltage of the floating gate memory cell determine that digital data stored. In a charge trapping regime, as in a Silicon-Oxide-Nitride-Oxide-Silicon (SONOS) or Metal-Oxide-Nitride-Oxide-Silicon (MONOS) type cell, the charge is trapped in a charge trapping layer between two insulating layers. The charge trapping layer in the SONOS/MONOS devices has a relatively high dielectric constant (k) such Silicon Nitride (SiN_(x)). The trapping structure of the charge trapping layer is such that it is possible to store two bits of data in a single SONOS/MONOS nonvolatile memory cell.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,768,192 (Eitan) illustrates a charge trapping non-volatile semiconductor memory cell utilizing asymmetrical charge trapping. The programmable read only memory (PROM) has a trapping dielectric sandwiched between two silicon dioxide layers The trapping dielectric are silicon oxide-silicon nitride-silicon oxide (ONO) and silicon dioxide with buried polysilicon islands. A nonconducting dielectric layer functions as an electrical charge trapping medium. This charge trapping layer is sandwiched between two layers of silicon dioxide acting as an electrical insulator. A conducting control gate layer is placed over the upper silicon dioxide layer. The memory device is programmed using hot hole programming, by applying programming voltages to the gate and the drain while the source is grounded. Hot holes are accelerated sufficiently to be injected into the region of the trapping dielectric layer near the drain. The device is read in the opposite direction from which it was written. The reading voltages are applied to the gate and the source while the drain is grounded. For the same applied gate voltage, reading in the reverse direction greatly reduces the potential across the trapped charge region. This permits much shorter programming times by amplifying the effect of the charge trapped in the localized trapping region.

U.S. Pat. No. 7,187,030 (Chae, et al.) describes a SONOS memory device, and a method for erasing data from the SONOS memory device. The erasing includes injecting charge carriers of a second sign into a trapping film, which has trapped charge carriers of a first sign to store data in the trapping film. The charge carriers of the second sign are generated by an electric field formed between one of a first and second electrodes contacting at least one bit line and a gate electrode contacting a word line. A blocking film may be provided between the gate electrode and the trapping film. The charge carriers of the second sign may be hot holes.

U.S. Pat. No. 7,170,785 (Yeh) illustrates a method and apparatus for operating a string of charge trapping memory cells. The string of memory cells with a charge trapping structure is read, by selecting part of a memory cell selected by a word line. Part of the memory cell is selected by turning on one of the pass transistors on either side of the string of memory cells. The charge storage state of the selected part is determined by measuring current in a bit line tied to both pass transistors.

U.S. Pat. No. 7,158,411 (Yeh, et al.) provides a memory architecture for an integrated circuit that includes a first memory array configured to store data for one pattern of data usage and a second memory array configured to store data for another pattern of data usage. The first and second memory arrays are formed of charge storage based nonvolatile memory cells.

U.S. Pat. No. 7,151,293 (Shiraiwa, et al.) describes SONOS memory with inversion bit-lines. The SONOS memory cell, formed within a semiconductor substrate, includes a bottom dielectric disposed on the semiconductor substrate, a charge trapping material disposed on the bottom dielectric, and a top dielectric disposed on the charge trapping material. Furthermore, the SONOS memory cell includes a word-line gate structure disposed on the top dielectric and at least one bit-line gate for inducing at least one inversion bit-line within the semiconductor substrate.

U.S. Pat. No. 7,120,063 (Liu, et al.) illustrates flash memory cells that include a dielectric material formed above a substrate channel region, a charge trapping material formed over the dielectric material, and a control gate formed over the charge trapping material. The cell may be programmed by directing electrons from the control gate into the charge trapping material to raise the cell threshold voltage. The electrons may be directed from the control gate to the charge trapping material by coupling a substrate to a substrate voltage potential, and coupling the control gate to a gate voltage potential, where the gate voltage potential is lower than the substrate voltage potential. The cell may be erased by directing electrons from the charge trapping material into the control gate to lower a threshold voltage of the flash memory cell, such as by coupling the substrate to a substrate voltage potential, and coupling the control gate to a gate voltage potential, where the gate voltage potential is higher than the substrate voltage potential.

The nonvolatile memory cells of the prior art are often configured as NAND cell structures. U.S. Pat. No. 6,614,070 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,163,048 (Hirose, et al.) describe a semiconductor nonvolatile memory device having a NAND cell structure. A NAND stack or string of nonvolatile memory cell transistors is placed within a well formed on a semiconductor substrate. The series string of nonvolatile memory cell transistors have threshold voltages that are electrically altered over a range of depletion values. When a cell within a certain NAND series string is selected for a read operation, a peripheral circuit drives selected gate word line to the well potential and drives the word lines of the other gates within the selected NAND stack to a potential at least equal in magnitude to the magnitude of the a reference voltage plus the threshold voltage of a memory cell in the programmed state.

“A 146-mm² 8-Gb Multi-Level NAND Flash Memory with 70-nm CMOS Technology”, Hara, et al., IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, January 2006, Vol.: 41, Issue: 1, pp.: 161-169 provides an 8-Gb multi-level NAND Flash memory with 4-level programmed cells.

“NROM: A Novel Localized Trapping, 2-Bit Nonvolatile Memory Cell”, Eitan, et al., IEEE Electron Device Letters, Nov., 2000, Vol.: 21, Issue: 11, pp.: 543-545, presents a novel flash memory cell based on localized charge trapping in a dielectric layer. It is based on the storage of a nominal ˜400 electrons above a n+/p junction. Programming is performed by channel hot electron injection and erase by tunneling enhanced hot hole injection. The read methodology is sensitive to the location of trapped charge above the source. This single device cell has a two physical bit storage capability.

“A Dual-Mode NAND Flash Memory: 1-Gb Multilevel and High-Performance 512-Mb Single-Level Modes”, Cho et al. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, November, 2001, Vol.: 36, Issue: 11, pp.: 1700-1706, describes a 116.7-mm² NAND flash memory having two modes: a 1-Gb multilevel program mode (MLC) and a high-performance 512-Mb single-level program cell (SLC) modes. A two-step bit line setup scheme suppresses the peak current below 60 mA. A word line ramping technique avoids program disturbance. The SLC mode uses the 0.5-V incremental step pulse and self-boosting program inhibit scheme to achieve high program performance, and the MLC mode uses 0.15-V incremental step pulse and local self-boosting program inhibit scheme to tightly control the cell threshold voltage (V_(t)) distributions.

U.S. Pat. No. 7,203,092 (Nazarian) provides a memory array having rows and columns of flash memory cells. Each column of the memory cells is arranged as NAND series strings of memory cells. Each NAND series string having a top select transistor and a bottom select transistor. The top select transistor and the bottom select transistor are coupled to bit lines, such that alternate bit lines are operated either as source lines or bit lines in response to bit line selection and biasing.

The structure of a multiple bit programming of nonvolatile memory cells is known in the art as described in “Intel StrataFlash™ Memory Technology Overview”, Atwood, et al., Intel Technology Journal, Vol. 1, Issue 2, Q4 1997, found www.intel.com, Apr. 23, 2007. The nonvolatile memory cells include a single transistor with an isolated floating gate. The flash cell is an analog storage device in that it stores charge (quantized at a single electron) not bits. By using a controlled programming technique, it is possible to place a precise amount of charge on the floating gate. The charge can be accurately placed to one of four charge states (or ranges) that describe two bits. Each of the four charge states is associated with a two-bit data pattern. The number of states required is equal to 2N where N is the desired number of bits. Threshold of the flash cells is then determined to read the digital data stored in the flash cell.

U.S. Pat. No. 7,113,431 (Hamilton, et al.) pertains to a technique for erasing bits in a dual bit memory in a manner that maintains complementary bit disturb control of bit-pairs of memory cells wherein each bit of the dual bit memory cell can be programmed to multiple levels. One exemplary method comprises providing a word of memory cells after an initial erasure and programming of the bits of the word to one or more of the higher program levels. A disturb level is determined for each of the bit-pairs of the word. A combined disturb level is then computed that is representative of the individual disturb levels. A pattern of drain voltages is then applied to the word for a number of program passes until a target pattern is stored in the word of memory cells based on the combined disturb level and the unprogrammed bit of the bit-pairs is erased to a single program level. This compensates for the disturbance level that exists between the complementary bit-pairs of the word, improves the threshold voltage (V_(t)) distribution at the program level of the erased state and thereby improves the accuracy of subsequent higher level programming operations and mitigates false or erroneous reads of the states of such program levels.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An object of this invention is to provide nonvolatile memory structure with at least one threshold voltage adjustable select transistor of a NAND series string for controlling connection of the NAND series string to an associated bit line.

Another object of this invention is to provide nonvolatile memory structure with at least one pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable select transistors of a NAND series string for controlling connection of the NAND series string to an associated bit line.

To accomplish at least this object, a nonvolatile memory array has a plurality of nonvolatile memory cells arranged in row and columns. Groups of the nonvolatile memory cells are serially connected to form NAND nonvolatile memory strings. Each column includes at least one of the NAND nonvolatile memory strings. Each of the NAND nonvolatile memory strings has a pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors. Each of the a pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors has a first source/drain wherein the two first source/drains of the a pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors are connected together.

A first transistor of the serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors has its threshold voltage modified to a first threshold voltage level and a second transistor of the serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors has its threshold voltage modified to a second threshold voltage level. A second source/drain of one transistor of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors is connected to a top dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cell of the NAND series string of dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells.

The nonvolatile memory array includes a plurality of bit lines, placed within the nonvolatile memory array such that each the bit lines is associated with at least one of the columns of the plurality of NAND nonvolatile memory strings and each of the columns of the plurality of NAND nonvolatile memory strings is associated with a pair of bit lines. A second source/drain of the other transistor of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors is connected to a first of two bit lines associated with the NAND series string nonvolatile memory structure.

In one embodiment, each NAND nonvolatile memory string further includes a threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistor having a first source/drain connected to a bottom dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cell of the NAND series string of dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells and a second source/drain connected to a second of the two bit lines associated with the NAND series string nonvolatile memory structure and has its threshold voltage modified to the first threshold voltage level.

In other embodiments, each NAND nonvolatile memory string further includes a pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors. Each of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors has a first source/drain connected together. A first of the serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors has its threshold voltage modified to the first threshold voltage level and a second of the serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors has its threshold voltage modified to the second threshold voltage level. A second source/drain of the first transistor of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors is connected to a bottom dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cell of the NAND series string of dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells. A second source/drain of the second transistor of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors is connected to a second of the associated bit lines.

Both transistors of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors are turned on only when a first select voltage applied to a gate of the first of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors and a second select voltage applied to a gate of the second of the serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors are greater than the first and second threshold voltages of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors. When both of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable select transistors are turned on, the top dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cell is connected to the first of two bit lines associated with the NAND series string nonvolatile memory structure.

Both transistors of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors are turned on only when a first select voltage applied to a gate of the first of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors and a second select voltage applied to a gate of the second of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors are greater than the first and second threshold voltages of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors. When both of the pair of serially connected bottom select transistors are turned on, the bottom dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cell is connected to the second of two bit lines associated with the NAND series string nonvolatile memory structure.

For the threshold voltage adjustable top and bottom select transistors, the second threshold voltage may be a larger positive voltage than the first threshold voltage. If the first threshold voltage is set to approximately +0.7V, the larger positive voltage of the second threshold voltage is from approximately +2.5V to approximately +4.0V. Alternately, for the threshold voltage adjustable top and bottom select transistors, the second threshold voltage is a larger negative voltage than the first threshold voltage. If the first threshold voltage is approximately −0.7V, the larger negative voltage is from approximately −2.5V to approximately 4.0V.

In the preferred embodiment, the threshold voltage adjustable top and bottom select transistors are Silicon-Oxide-Nitride-Oxide-Silicon (SONOS) or Metal-Oxide-Nitride-Oxide-Silicon (MONOS) charge trapping transistors.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1 a and 1 b are respectively a cross sectional view of and a schematic symbol for a dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cell.

FIG. 1 c is a plot of the threshold voltage (V_(t)) for programming each memory cell of an array of dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells versus the number of dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells having a specific threshold voltage for a multiple bit programming by a programming circuit of the control apparatus of this invention.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a first embodiment of an array of multilevel programmed dual-sided nonvolatile memory structures with a pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors and a threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistor of this invention.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a second embodiment of an array of multilevel programmed dual-sided nonvolatile memory structures with a pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors and a pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistor of this invention.

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a third embodiment of an array of multilevel programmed dual-sided nonvolatile memory structures with a pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors and a threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistor of this invention.

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a word line controller of the array multilevel programmed dual-sided nonvolatile memory structure of this invention.

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a bit line controller of the array of multilevel programmed dual-sided nonvolatile memory cell structure of this invention.

FIG. 7 a, 7 b, 7 c, and 7 d are schematic diagrams of pairs of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top and bottom select transistors of this invention as connected to a NAND series strings of the multilevel programmed dual-sided nonvolatile memory cells to form the multilevel programmed dual-sided nonvolatile memory cell structure of this invention

FIG. 8 a, 8 b, and 8 c are tables of the voltages respectively necessary for programming, erasing, and reading the array of a first embodiment of multilevel programmed dual-sided nonvolatile memory cell structure of this invention.

FIG. 9 is a process diagram for the formation of an multilevel programmed dual-sided nonvolatile memory cell structure of this invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

A nonvolatile memory array of this invention is formed of dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells that are arranged in rows and columns. Groupings of dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells on each column are arranged in a NAND series strings. The dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells are particularly formed with a Silicon-Oxide-Nitride-Oxide-Silicon (SONOS) or Metal-Oxide-Nitride-Oxide-Silicon (MONOS) structure. Each NAND series string has at least one pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors connected in series with each of the groupings of the dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells. In all embodiments the threshold voltage adjustable select transistors for example may be SONOS/MONOS dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory devices. Each of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors has a first source/drain connected such that the two first source/drains of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors are jointly connected together.

One of the serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors has its threshold voltage modified to a first threshold voltage level and a second of the serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors has its threshold voltage modified to a second threshold voltage level. A second source/drain of one of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors is connected to a top dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cell of the NAND series string of dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells.

In one embodiment each of the NAND series strings has a bottom dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cell connected to a first source/drain of a threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistor. A second source/drain of the threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistor is connected to a second of the two bit lines associated with the NAND series string structure. In another embodiment, each NAND series string has a pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors connected in series with each of the groupings of the dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells. Each of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors has a first source/drain connected such that the two first source/drains of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors are jointly connected together. One of the serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors has its threshold voltage modified to the first threshold voltage level and a second of the serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors has its threshold voltage modified to the second threshold voltage level. A second source/drain of the first transistor of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors is connected to a bottom dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cell of the NAND series string of dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells. A second source/drain of the second transistor of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors is connected to a second of the associated bit lines.

Both of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors are turned on only when a first select voltage applied to a gate of one of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors and a second select voltage applied to a gate of the other of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors are greater than the threshold voltages of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors to connect the top dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cell to the first of two bit lines with the NAND series string. Similarly, both of the pair of the serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors are turned on only when a first select voltage applied to a gate of one of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors and a second select voltage applied to a gate of the other of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors are greater than the threshold voltages of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors to connect the bottom dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cell to the first of two bit lines with the NAND series string.

Each column of the dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells is associated with a pair of bit lines. A second source/drain of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors that is not connected to the top dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cell of the NAND series string is connected to one bit line of the pair of bit lines associated with the column NAND series string nonvolatile memory cells. Similarly, a second source/drain of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors that is not connected to the bottom dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cell of the NAND series string is connected to the second bit line of the pair of bit lines associated with the column NAND series string nonvolatile memory cells.

Those bit lines that are not on the periphery of the array are associated with the columns of dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells that are adjacent to the two sides of the bit lines. Those bit lines at the periphery of the array are associated only with the single adjacent columns of dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells. The top select transistors of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors of each of the NAND series string structures for adjacent columns may be connected to the mutually associated bit line. Similarly, the bottom select transistors of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors of each of the NAND series string structures for adjacent columns may be connected to the mutually associated bit line. Alternately, the top select transistor of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors of one of the NAND series string structures for one of the adjacent columns and the bottom select transistor of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors of the other of the NAND series string structures for other of the adjacent columns may be connected to the mutually associated bit line.

A bit line controller is connected to the plurality of bit lines to transfer bit line operational voltages to selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells for programming, reading, and erasing trapped charges representing multiple digital data bits within a charge trapping region of each of the selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells.

The control gate of each of the dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells on each row of the nonvolatile memory array of this invention is connected to a word line. Each gate of pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors of the NAND series strings of the dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells is connected to a pair top select lines. Similarly, each gate of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors of the NAND series strings of the dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells is connected to a pair of bottom select lines. A word line controller is connected to the word lines, the pairs top select lines, and the pairs of bottom select lines to transfer word line operational voltages for selecting, programming, reading, and erasing the trapped charges representing the multiple digital data bits within the charge trapping region of each of the selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells.

Refer now to FIGS. 1 a and 1 b for a discussion SONOS/MONOS dual-sided flash memory cell structure (in FIG. 1 a) and the schematic symbol (in FIG. 1 b) for the nonvolatile memory array of this invention. The dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cell 5 is formed within a substrate 10. A drain region 15 and source region 20 are formed within the substrate 10. A relatively thin gate oxide or tunneling oxide 30 is deposited on the substrate 10. A charge trapping layer 35 is then formed over the oxide layer 30 above the channel region 25 between drain region 15 and source region 20. A second dielectric oxide layer 40 is placed on top of charge trapping layer 35 to separate the charge trapping layer 35 from a poly-crystalline silicon layer 45. The poly-crystalline silicon layer 45 forms the control gate of the dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cell 5. It should be noted that the poly-crystalline silicon layer 45 is for a SONOS dual-sided flash memory cell structure. In the MONOS dual-sided flash memory cell structure, the control gate 45 is a metal layer such as aluminum. The control gate 45 of the dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cell 5, when placed in an array of dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 5, is connected to a word line terminal 50. The drain 15 is connected to a first bit line terminal 55 and the source 20 is connected to a second bit line terminal 55. The dual-sided flash memory cell stores the digital data bits as trapped charge within the charge trapping layer 35 above the channel 25 that is formed between drain 15 and source 20.

The operation of the multilevel dual-sided flash memory cell 5 consists of an erase operation, a program operation, and a read operation. In the erase operation, the word line terminal 50 is set to a very large erasing voltage that is applied to the control gate 45 to inject the electrons into the trapped charges 65 and 70 from the channel region between drain region 15 and source region 20. The first and second bit line terminals 55 and 60 and thus the drain 15 and source 20 are set to ground reference level. The program operation of the multilevel dual-sided flash memory cell 5 begins by setting the word line terminal 50 to a medium large programming voltage that is applied to the control gate 45. The medium large programming voltage has an opposite polarity of the very large erasing voltage. For programming the charge trapping region 65 nearest the drain region 15, the first bit line terminal 55 and thus the drain 15 is set to the bit line voltage level and the second bit line terminal 60 and thus the source 20 is set to the ground reference voltage. For programming the charge trapping region 70 nearest the source region 20, the second bit line terminal 60 and thus the source 20 is set to the bit line voltage level and the first bit line terminal 55 and thus the drain 15 is set to the ground reference voltage. The read operation begins by setting the word line terminal 50 and thus the control gate 45 to a read voltage level. To read the program state of the charge trapping region 65, the first bit line terminal 55 and thus the drain region 15 is set to the ground reference voltage and the second bit line terminal 60 and thus the source region 20 is set to the drain read voltage level. The threshold voltage (V_(t)) as adjusted by the charge level of the charge trapping region 65 determines the digital data stored in the charge trapping region 65. To read the program state of the charge trapping region 70, the first bit line terminal 55 and thus the drain region 15 is set to the drain read voltage level and the second bit line terminal 60 and thus the source region 20 is set to the ground reference voltage. The threshold voltage (V_(t)) as adjusted by the charge level of the charge trapping region 70 determines the digital data stored in the charge trapping region 70.

The method of operation of this invention for a SONOS/MONOS dual-sided flash memory cell provides multiple bits being stored in each of the charge trapping regions 65 and 70 of FIG. 1 a. In FIG. 1 c, each of the charge trapping regions may have one of four levels 100, 110, 120, and 130 and thus represent two binary bits of the digital data. The threshold voltage level 130 being the erased voltage level as well as the voltage level for the digital data for a digital 11. The threshold voltage level 130 must be larger than the minimum erase voltage (VEV) 135 to ensure the erasure of the vast majority of the SONOS/MONOS dual-sided flash memory cell. An array of the SONOS/MONOS dual-sided flash memory cells will be programmed sufficiently long such that the distribution of the threshold voltages (V_(t)) 102, 112, 122, and 132 allow the setting of the word line voltage and thus the control gates of the array to the program voltages VPV1 105, VPV2 115, and VPV3 125. During a read operation the control gate is set at each voltage level to determine the threshold voltage (V_(t)) representing the two bits of the digital data stored in each of the charge trapping layers.

The fabrication of the SONOS/MONOS dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells of FIG. 1 a requires extra process steps for forming and etching Oxide-Nitride-Oxide (ONO) layers of the SONOS/MONOS dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells than the normal Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) transistors of the top and bottom select transistors of the prior art. These extra steps potentially could damage the MOS top and bottom select transistors unless there is sufficient space from the SONOS/MONOS dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells. To recover the wasted space between the MOS top and bottom select transistors and prevent damage to the top and bottom select transistors, the nonvolatile memory structure of this invention replaces the top and bottom MOS select transistors of the prior art with SONOS/MONOS threshold voltage adjustable top and bottom select gating transistors.

The nonvolatile memory array 200 of one embodiment is formed of dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells of FIG. 1 a that are arranged in rows and columns, as illustrated in FIG. 2. Groupings 210 a, 210 b, and 210 c of the dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205 resident on each column of the nonvolatile memory array 200 are connected to form NAND series strings of the dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205. Each of the NAND series string groupings 210 a, 210 b, and 210 c have a pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 215 a, 215 b, and 215 c and a threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors 220 a, 220 b, and 220 c connected in series with each of the NAND series string groupings 210 a, 210 b, and 210 c. Each transistor 216 a, 216 b, and 216 c and 217 a, 217 b, and 217 c of the respective pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 215 a, 215 b, and 215 c has a first source/drain connected such that the two first source/drains of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 215 a, 215 b, and 215 c are jointly connected together.

One threshold voltage adjustable top select transistor of the pairs of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 217 a, 217 b, and 217 c has its threshold voltage modified to a first threshold voltage level and a second threshold voltage adjustable top select transistor of the serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 216 a, 216 b, and 216 c has its threshold voltage modified to a second threshold voltage level. A second source/drain of either top select transistor 217 a, 216 b, and 217 c of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 215 a, 215 b, and 215 c is connected to a top dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cell of the NAND series string groupings 210 a, 210 b, and 210 c. It should be noted that the order of the first transistors of the pairs of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 217 a, 217 b, and 217 c and the second transistors of the pairs of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 216 a, 216 b, and 216 c alternates between adjacent columns of the nonvolatile memory array 200. Further, it should be noted that the sequence order of which of the first transistors of the pairs of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 217 a, 217 b, and 217 c or the second transistors of the pairs of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 216 a, 216 b, and 216 c is located on a first of the columns of the nonvolatile memory array 200.

A threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistor 220 a, 220 b, and 220 c has its threshold voltage (V_(t)) modified to the first threshold voltage. The threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistor 220 a, 220 b, and 220 c has a first source/drain connected to the source of the bottom dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cell 205 of their respective NAND series string groupings 210 a, 210 b, and 210 c.

The sources and drains of the first threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 217 a, 217 b, and 217 c and the second threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 216 a, 216 b, and 216 c, and the threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors 220 a, 220 b, and 220 c are interchangeable in function and therefore are designated first and second source/drains for clarity.

A second source/drain of the threshold voltage adjustable top select transistor 216 a, 217 b, and 216 c of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 215 a, 215 b, and 215 c are respectively connected to a first of the associated pair of bit lines 225 a, 225 b, and 225 c. A second source/drain of the threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors 220 a, 220 b, 220 c are respectively connected to a second of the associated pair of bit lines 225 b, 225 c, and 225 d.

Each column (in this implementation as shown, one of the NAND series string groupings 210 a, 210 b, and 210 c) of the nonvolatile memory array 200 is respectively associated with a pair of bit lines 225 a and 225 b, 225 b and 225 c, 225 c and 225 d. Thus each of the bit lines 225 a, 225 b, 225 c, 225 d is further associated with a first adjacent column 210 a, 210 b, 210 c of dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells. Thus each of the bit lines 225 a, 225 b, 225 c, and 225 d with the exception of the bit lines 225 a and 225 d that are adjacent to the columns at the periphery of the nonvolatile memory array 200 are associated with two columns of the nonvolatile memory array 200. The two bit lines 225 a and 225 d as peripheral bit lines are associated with only one of the columns of the nonvolatile memory array 200.

A second source/drain of the threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 216 a, 217 b, 216 c of the pairs of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 215 a, 215 b, and 215 c of the first adjacent column 210 a, 210 b, 210 c is connected to the second of the associated pair of bit lines 225 a, 225 b, 225 c, and 225 d and a source/drain of the threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors 220 a, 220 b, 220 c of the second adjacent column is connected to the first of the associated pair of bit lines 225 a, 225 b, 225 c, and 225 d. Having the threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 215 a, 215 b, and 215 c of one column 210 a, 210 b, 210 c and the threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors 220 a, 220 b, 220 c of an adjacent column 210 a, 210 b, 210 c commonly connected to the bit line 225 a, 225 b, 225 c, and 225 d of the associated pair of bit lines 225 a, 225 b, 225 c, and 225 d provides a cross connective columnar bit line structure.

All of the bit lines 225 a, 225 b, 225 c, and 225 d are connected to the bit line controller 230. The bit line controller 230 provides the necessary bit line operational voltages to selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205 for programming, reading, and erasing trapped charges representing multiple digital data bits within a charge trapping region of each of the selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells.

A control gate of each of the dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205 on each row of the nonvolatile memory array 200 is connected to one word line 235 a, . . . , 235 j−1, 235 j, 235 j+1, . . . , 235 m. The gates of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 215 a, 215 b, and 215 c are connected to the top select gate lines 240 a and 240 b. The gates of the threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 216 a, 217 b, and 216 c of the pairs of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 215 a, 215 b, and 215 c are connected to the top select gate lines 240 a and the gates of the second threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 217 a, 216 b, and 217 c of the pairs of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 215 a, 215 b, and 215 c are connected to the top select gate lines 240 b. The gates of the threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors 220 a, 220 b, and 220 c are connected to the bottom select gate line 245. All of the word lines 235 a, . . . , 235 j−1, 235 j, 235 j+1, . . . , 235 m, top select gate lines 240 a and 240 b, and the bottom select gate line 245 are connected to a word line controller 250. The word line controller 250 transfers word line operational voltages for selecting, programming, reading, and erasing the trapped charges representing the multiple digital data bits within the charge trapping region of each of the selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205.

Refer now to FIG. 3 for a second embodiment of the nonvolatile memory array 200. The nonvolatile memory array 200 is formed of dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells of FIG. 1 a that are arranged in rows and columns, as described in FIG. 3. The structure of the nonvolatile memory array 200 of this second embodiment is essentially identical to that of the nonvolatile memory array 200 of FIG. 2, except each of the NAND series string groupings 210 a, 210 b, and 210 c now have pairs of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors 255 a, 255 b, and 255 c connected in series with each of the NAND series string groupings 210 a, 210 b, and 210 c. Each of the pairs of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors 255 a, 255 b, and 255 c has a first source/drain connected such that the two first source/drains of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors 255 a, 255 b, and 255 c are jointly connected together. One threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistor 257 a, 257 b, and 257 c of the pairs of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors 255 a, 255 b, and 255 c has its threshold voltage modified to a first threshold voltage level and a second threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistor 256 a, 256 b, and 256 c of the pairs of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 255 a, 255 b, and 255 c has its threshold voltage modified to a second threshold voltage level. A second source/drain of either threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistor 256 a, 257 b, and 256 c of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors 255 a, 255 b, and 255 c is connected to a bottom dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cell of the NAND series string groupings 210 a, 210 b, and 210 c. It should be noted that the order of the first threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors 257 a, 257 b, and 257 c and the second threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors 256 a, 256 b, and 256 c is inverted between adjacent columns of the nonvolatile memory array 200. Further, it should be noted that the sequence order of which of the first threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors 257 a, 257 b, and 257 c or the second threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors 256 a, 256 b, and 256 c is located on a first of the columns of the nonvolatile memory array 200 is not specified.

As in the embodiment of FIG. 2, the second source/drain of each of the threshold voltage adjustable top select transistor 216 a, 217 b, and 216 c of the pairs of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 215 a, 215 b, and 215 c of the first adjacent column of the NAND series string groupings 210 a, 210 b, 210 c is connected to the second of the associated pair of bit lines 225 a, 225 b, 225 c, and 225 d. In the embodiment of FIG. 3, the second source/drain of each of the threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistor 257 a, 256 b, and 257 c of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors 255 a, 255 b, and 255 c of the first adjacent column 210 a, 210 b, 210 c is connected to the first of the associated pair of bit lines 225 a, 225 b, 225 c, and 225 d. Having the threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 216 a, 217 b, and 216 c of the pairs of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 215 a, 215 b, and 215 c of one column 210 a, 210 b, 210 c and the threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistor 257 a, 256 b, and 257 c of the pairs of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors 255 a, 255 b, and 255 c of an adjacent column 210 a, 210 b, 210 c connected to the same mutually associated bit line 225 a, 225 b, 225 c, and 225 d associated pair of bit lines 225 a, 225 b, 225 c, and 225 d provides a cross connective columnar bit line structure.

All of the associated pairs of bit lines 225 a, 225 b, 225 c, and 225 d are connected to the bit line controller 230. The bit line controller 230 provides the necessary bit line operational voltages to selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205 for programming, reading, and erasing trapped charges representing multiple digital data bits within a charge trapping region of each of the selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells.

A control gate of each of the dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205 on each row of the nonvolatile memory array 200 is connected to one word line 235 a, . . . , 235 j−1, 235 j, 235 j+1, . . . , 235 m. The gates of the each transistor of the pairs of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 215 a, 215 b, and 215 c are connected to the top select gate lines 240 a and 240 b. The gates of the threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 216 a, 217 b, and 216 c of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 215 a, 215 b, and 215 c are connected to the top select gate lines 240 a and the gates of the second threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 217 a, 216 b, and 217 c of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 215 a, 215 b, and 215 c are connected to the top select gate lines 240 b. The gates of each transistor of the pairs of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors 255 a, 255 b, and 255 c are connected to the bottom select gate lines 245 a and 245 b. All of the word lines 235 a, . . . , 235 j−1, 235 j, 235 j+1, . . . , 235 m, top select gate lines 240 a and 240 b, and the bottom select gate line 245 a and 245 b are connected to a word line controller 250. The word line controller 250 transfers word line operational voltages for selecting, programming, reading, and erasing the trapped charges representing the multiple digital data bits within the charge trapping region of each of the selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205.

An embodiment of a more generalized structure of the nonvolatile memory array 300 is illustrated in FIG. 4. The nonvolatile memory array 300 is formed of dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells of FIG. 1 a that are arranged in rows and columns. Groupings 310 a, 310 b, . . . , 310 i−1, 310 i of the dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 305 resident on each column of the nonvolatile memory array 300 are connected, as described above, to form NAND series strings of the dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 305. Each of the NAND series string groupings 310 a, 310 b, . . . , 310 i−1, 310 i has a pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 315 a, 315 b, . . . , 315 i−1, 315 i and a threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistor 320 a, 320 b, . . . , 320 i−1, 320 i connected in series with each of the NAND series string groupings 310 a, 310 b, . . . , 310 i−1, 310 i. Each threshold voltage adjustable top select transistor 316 a, 316 b, and 316 c and 317 a, 317 b, and 317 c of the respective pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 315 a, 315 b, . . . , 315 i−1, 315 i has a first source/drain connected such that the two first source/drains of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 315 a, 315 b, . . . , 315 i−1, 315 i are jointly connected together. A first of the serially connected top select transistors 317 a, 317 b, . . . , 317 i−1, 317 i has a threshold voltage (V_(t)) different from a second serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistor 316 a, 316 b, . . . , 316 i−1, 316 i. A second source/drain of either threshold voltage adjustable top select transistor 317 a, 317 b, . . . , 317 i−1, 317 i and , 316 b, . . . , 316 i−1, 316 i of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 315 a, 315 b, . . . , 315 i−1, 315 i is connected to a top dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cell of the NAND series string groupings 310 a, 310 b, . . . , 310 i−1, 310 i. It should be noted that the order of the first serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 317 a, 317 b, . . . , 317 i−1, 317 i and the second serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 316 a, 316 b, . . . , 316 i−1, 316 i alternates between adjacent columns of the nonvolatile memory array 300. Further, it should be noted that the sequence order of which of the first serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 317 a, 317 b, . . . , 317 i−1, 317 i or the second serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 316 a, 316 b, . . . , 316 i−1, 316 i is located on a first of the columns of the nonvolatile memory array 300.

Each threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistor 320 a, 320 b, . . . , 320 i−1, 320 i has a first source/drain connected to the source of the bottom dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cell 305 of each of the NAND series string groupings 310 a, 310 b, . . . , 310 i−1, 310 i. The sources and drains of the pairs of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 315 a, 315 b, . . . , 315 i−1, 315 i and the threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors 320 a, 320 b, . . . , 320 i−1, 320 i are interchangeable in function and therefore are designated first and second source/drains for clarity.

A second source/drain of the threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 316 a, 317 b, . . . , 316 i−1, 317 i of the NAND series string groupings 310 a, 310 b, . . . , 310 i−1, 310 i are connected to a first of the associated pair of bit lines 325 a. A second source/drain of the threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistor 320 a, 320 b, . . . , 320 i−1, 320 i are connected to a second of the associated pair of bit lines 325 b. The structure of the dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory block 355 a includes the NAND series string groupings 310 a, 310 b, . . . , 310 i−1, 310 i, the pairs of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 315 a, 315 b, . . . , 315 i−1, 315 i, and the threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors 320 a, 320 b, . . . , 320 i−1, 320 i connected as above described. The dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory blocks 355 b, . . . , 355 n are constructed similarly and are connected to the bit lines 325 a, 325 b, 325 c, . . . , 325 n−2, 325 n with each of the dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory blocks 355 b, . . . , 355 n being connected as described to its associated adjacent bit lines.

It is apparent that one of each of the associated pair of bit lines 325 a, 325 b, 325 c, . . . , 325 n−1, 325 n is associated with two adjacent dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory blocks 355 a, 355 b, . . . , 355 n. For instance, the bit lines 325 b and 325 c are associated primarily with the columns with the NAND series strings of the dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory blocks 355 b but the bit line 325 b is also associated with the adjacent columns with the NAND series strings dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory blocks 355 a and the bit line 325 c is associated with the columns of the adjacent dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory blocks (not shown).

Having each of the threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 317 a, 317 b, . . . , 317 i−1, 317 i and, 316 b, . . . , 316 i−1, 316 i of the pairs of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 315 a, 315 b, . . . , 315 i−1, 315 i of a one dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory blocks 355 a, 355 b, . . . , 355 n and each of the threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistor 320 a, 320 b, . . . , 320 i−1, 320 i of an adjacent dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory blocks 355 a, 355 b, . . . , 355 n connected commonly to one of the bit lines 325 a, 325 b, 325 c, . . . , 325 n−1, 325 n provides the cross connective columnar bit line structure of this invention.

All of the bit lines 325 a, 325 b, 325 c, . . . , 325 n−1, 325 n are connected to the bit line controller 330. The bit line controller 330 provides the necessary bit line operational voltages to selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 305 for programming, reading, and erasing trapped charges representing multiple digital data bits within a charge trapping region of each of the selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells.

A control gate of each of the dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 305 on each row of the nonvolatile memory array 300 is connected Is to one word line 335 a, 335 b, . . . 335 j−1, 335 j, 335 j+1, . . . 335 m−1, 335 m. The gates of each of the transistors of the pairs of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 315 a, 315 b, . . . , 315 i−1, 315 i are connected to the top select gate lines 340 a, 340 b, 340 k−1, and 340 k. In this embodiment of the nonvolatile memory array 300, each of the pairs of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 315 a, 315 b, . . . , 315 i−1, 315 i for each grouping of the dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory blocks 355 a, 355 b, . . . , 355 n are connected to one of the top select gate lines 340 a, 340 b, 340 k−1, and 340 k such that the number of top select gate lines 340 a, 340 b, 340 k−1, and 340 k is equal to the number of columns of the NAND series string groupings 310 a, 310 b, . . . , 310 i−1, 310 i within each dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory blocks 355 a, 355 b, . . . , 355 n. The gates of the threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors 320 a, 320 b, . . . , 320 i−1, 320 i are connected to the bottom select gate lines 345 a, 345 b, 345 k−1, and 345 k. All of the word lines 335 a, 335 b, . . . 335 j−1, 335 j, 335 j+1, . . . 335 m−1, 335 m, top select gate lines 340 a, 340 b, 340 k−1, and 340 k, and the bottom select gate lines 345 a, 345 b, 345 k−1, and 345 k are connected to a word line controller 350. The word line controller 350 transfers word line operational voltages for selecting, programming, reading, and erasing the trapped charges representing the multiple digital data bits within the charge trapping region of each of the selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 305.

It would be apparent to one skilled in the art that the structure as described in FIG. 4 may have any of the structures and connectivity of the NAND series string groupings 210 a, 210 b,and 210 c as illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3 configured as the NAND series string groupings 310 a, 310 b, . . . , 310 i−1, 310 i to form the dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory blocks 355 a, 355 b, . . . , 355 n as shown.

Refer now to FIG. 5 for a description of the functional structure of the word line controller 400 of the nonvolatile memory array of this invention. The word line controller 400 receives a program control signal 405, an erase control signal 410, and a read control signal 415. The program control signal 405, the erase control signal 410, and the read control signal 415 provides the necessary activation commands that determine the operational mode of the nonvolatile memory array of this invention. It will be understood by one skilled in the art that the program control signal 405, the erase control signal 410, and the read control signal 415 may in fact be components of a command word structure that is applied to the word line controller 400 to perform the program, erase, and read functions. A control decoder 420 receives the program control signal 405, the erase control signal 410, and the read control signal 415, decodes the program control signal 405, the erase control signal 410, and the read control signal 415 and activates the necessary word line functional operation units for the program, erase, and read functions of the nonvolatile memory array of this invention.

The functional operation units are connected to the control decoder 420 to receive the commands to selectively activate the word line functional units that include a word line program circuit 435, a word line erase circuit 440, a word line read circuit 445, and a gate select line voltage generator 470. The program circuit 435 has a word line program voltage source 436 that is connected to one selected word lines 460 a, 460 b, . . . 460m−1, 460 m to provide a relatively large program voltage (VPGM) of from approximately −6.0V to approximately −15.0V for generating a voltage field between a control gate of the selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells and a channel region of the selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cell. Hot carriers (Hot holes in this embodiment) are extracted from the channel region and are injected into one of the charge trapping regions of the selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cell.

The non-selected word lines 460 a, 460 b, . . . 460m−1, 460 m are coupled to pass voltage generator 437 to generate the pass voltage (Vpas). The pass voltage (Vpas) has to have sufficient amplitude to allow the bit line voltage (VBL) to reach into any bits of any dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cell of the selected respective NAND series string groupings. The dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cell 205 of their respective NAND series string groupings pass voltage (Vpas) is set to be from approximately +5.0V to approximately +10V.

The gate select line voltage generator 470 provides the appropriate gate select voltage levels (V_(SG1) and V_(SG2)) for appropriate activation of pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 215 a, 215 b, and 215 c and threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors 220 a, 220 b, and 220 c of FIG. 2 and the pairs of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 215 a, 215 b, and 215 c and pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors 255 a, 255 b, and 255 c of FIG. 3. The gate select line voltage generator 470 has a first select line voltage source 471 that selectively provides a first select voltage level (V_(SG1)) and a second select line voltage source 472 that selectively provides a second select voltage level (V_(SG2)).

The first and second gate select voltage levels (V_(SG1) and V_(SG2)) are transferred on the selected top select lines 455 a, 455 b, . . . 455 k−1, 455 k to activate the pairs of serially connected top select transistors 215 a, 215 b, and 215 c of FIGS. 2 and 3. The first and second gate select voltage levels (V_(SG1) and V_(SG2)) are to be transferred on the selected bottom select lines 465 a, 465 b, . . . 465 k−1, 465 k to activate the threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors 220 a, 220 b, and 220 c of FIG. 2 and pairs of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors 255 a, 255 b, and 255 c of FIG. 3. The first and second gate select voltage levels (V_(SG1) and V_(SG2)) are determined by the threshold voltage levels (V_(t)) of the pairs of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 215 a, 215 b, and 215 c and pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors 255 a, 255 b, and 255 c of FIGS. 2 and 3, as discussed hereinafter.

The word line erase circuit 440 has a word line erase voltage source 443 that is connected to the selected word lines 460 a, 460 b, . . . 460 m−1, 460 m to provide a very large erase voltage (V_(ERS)) for generating a voltage field between a control gate of the selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells and a channel region of the selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cell. Hot carriers are injected into the charge trapping region from the channel region of the selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cell using Fowler-Nordheim tunneling. In the instance where the nonvolatile memory cells are n-channel memory cells the injected hot carriers are hot electrons. In the instance where the nonvolatile memory cells are p-channel memory cells the injected hot carriers are hot holes.

The word line read circuit 445 has a word line read voltage source 446 that is connected to the selected word lines 460 a, 460 b, . . . 460 m−1, 460 m to provide a read voltage (V_(RD)) to the control gate of the selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells that is turned on or not dependent upon the value of the read voltage (V_(RD)). The voltage level of the of the word line read voltage source 446 is incremented to determine the threshold voltage level (V_(t)) of the selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells that represent the multiple digital data bits stored within two charge trapping regions of the selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells. The read circuit 445 has a read pass voltage source 447 that provides a pass voltage level (VPASS) that is applied to the non-selected word lines 460 a, 460 b, . . . 460 m−1, 460 m to prevent activation of the non-selected word lines 460 a, 460 b, . . . 460 m−1, 460 m.

An address word 425 defining the portion of the nonvolatile memory array of this invention that is to be programmed, erased, or read is received by the word line address decoder 430. The decoded address is transferred from the word line address decoder 430 to the row select circuit 450. The decoded address determines which row of the nonvolatile memory array 200 is to be activated. The decoded control signal is transferred to the row select circuit 450 which to determines the operational voltages that are to be transferred to the word lines 460 a, 460 b, . . . 460 m−1, 460 m, the top select gate lines 455 a, 455 b, . . . 455 k−1, 455 k and the bottom select lines 465 a, 465 b, . . . 465 k−1, 465 k to provide the voltage levels necessary for programming, erasing, and reading the selected row of the nonvolatile memory array of this invention

Refer now to FIG. 6 for a description of the functional structure of the bit line controller 500 of the nonvolatile memory array of this invention. The bit line controller 500 receives a program control signal 405, an erase control signal 410, and a read control signal 415. The program control signal 405, the erase control signal 410, and the read control signal 415 provides the necessary activation commands that determine the operational mode of the nonvolatile memory array of this invention, as described above. A control decoder 505 receives the program control signal 405, the erase control signal 410, and the read control signal 415, decodes the program control signal 405, the erase control signal 410, and the read control signal 415 and activates the necessary bit line functional operation units for the program, erase, and read functions of the nonvolatile memory array of this invention.

The functional operation units are connected to the control decoder 505 to receive the commands to selectively activate the bit line functional units that include a bit line program circuit 515, an bit line erase circuit 520, and a bit line read circuit 525. The bit line program circuit 515 has a first, second, and third bit line program voltage source 517, 518, and 519 that is connected to a selected bit lines 535 a, 535 b, 535 c, . . . 535 n−2, 535 n−1, 535 n to provide a bit line program voltages (V_(BLn)) necessary for programming each of the charge trapping regions of the dual-sided flash memory cells of the selected row. These levels are set based on the binary digital data to be stored as the trapped charge in the first and second charge trapping regions of the selected dual-sided flash memory cells.

The bit line erase circuit 520 provides a connection 523 to the ground reference voltage source which is applied to selected bit lines 535 a, 535 b, 535 c, . . . 535 n−2, 535 n−1, 535 n. A bit line inhibit voltage source 522 is connected to the non-selected bit lines 535 a, 535 b, 535 c, . . . 535 n−2, 535 n−1, 535 n to provide a bit line inhibit voltage (V_(INH)) to inhibit erasure of non-selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells.

The bit line read circuit 525 has a bit line drain voltage source 527 that is connected to the selected bit lines 535 a, 535 b, 535 c, . . . 535 n−2, 535 n−1, 535 n to provide a read drain voltage (VDRAIN) to the source/drains of the selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells that is turned on or not dependent upon the value of the word line read voltage. The bit line read circuit 525 provides a connection 528 to the ground reference voltage source which is applied to opposing source/drain of the selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells through the selected bit lines 535 a, 535 b, 535 c, . . . 535 n−2, 535 n−1, 535 n.

The address word 525 that defines the selected portion of the nonvolatile memory array of this invention to be programmed, erased, or read is received by the bit line address decoder 510. The decoded address is transferred from the bit line address decoder 510 to the bit line select circuit 530. The decoded address determines which column of the nonvolatile memory array 200 is to be activated. The decoded control signal is transferred to the bit line select circuit 510 which to determines the operational voltages that are to be transferred to the selected bit lines 535 a, 535 b, 535 c, . . . 535 n−2, 535 n−1, 535 n to provide the voltage levels necessary for programming, erasing, and reading the selected row of the nonvolatile memory array of this invention.

During the read operation, the current generated by the selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells is transferred through the associated pairs of selected bit lines 535 a, 535 b, 535 c, . . . 535 n−2, 535 n−1, 535 n to the bit line select circuit 510 and on to the sense amplifier 540. The sense amplifier detects whether the selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells are turned on or not dependent upon the incremented voltage level Is of the read voltage (VREAD). From this determination of the trapped charge level of the selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells, the multiple digital data bits within two charge trapping regions are determined.

FIGS. 7 a-7 d illustrate the pairs of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable select transistors 615 and 655 of this invention. The pair of serially 20 connected threshold voltage adjustable select transistors 615 and 655 includes a first threshold voltage adjustable select transistor 616 and 656 and a threshold voltage adjustable select transistor 617 and 657. The first threshold voltage adjustable select transistor 616 and 656 and the second threshold voltage adjustable select transistor 617 and 657 each have a source/drain that is commonly connected to for the serially connected structure. In FIG. 7 a, the first threshold voltage adjustable select transistor 616 has a second source/drain connected to the bit line 625 b. The second source/drain of the second threshold voltage adjustable select transistor 617 is connected to the nonvolatile memory cell device 605 t of the NAND series strings of the dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells. In FIG. 7 b, the order of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable select transistors 615 is reversed from that of FIG. 7 a and the second source/drain of the second threshold voltage adjustable select transistor 617 is connected to the bit line 625 c. Similarly, the second source drain of the first threshold voltage adjustable select transistor 616 is connected to the nonvolatile memory cell device 605 t of the NAND series strings of the dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells.

In FIG. 7 c, the order of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable select transistors 655 is reversed from that of FIG. 7 a and the first threshold voltage adjustable select transistor 656 has a second source/drain connected to the bit line 625 a. The second source/drain of the second threshold voltage adjustable select transistor 657 is connected to the bottom nonvolatile memory cell device 605 b of the NAND series strings of the dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells. In FIG. 7 d, the order of the pair of serially connected select transistors 655 is again reversed from that of FIG. 7 b and the second source/drain of the second threshold voltage adjustable select transistor 657 is connected to the bit line 625 b. Similarly, the second source drain of the first threshold voltage adjustable select transistor 656 is connected to the bottom nonvolatile memory cell device 605 b of the NAND series strings of the dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells.

The second threshold voltage adjustable select transistor 617 or 657 has its threshold voltage (V_(t)) adjusted to a programmed level of from approximately +2.5V to approximately +4.0V. That is compared with the threshold voltage of the first threshold voltage adjustable select transistor 616 or 656 which has its threshold voltage (V_(t)) level of approximately +0.7V for a threshold voltage adjustable select transistor 616 or 656 that is essentially erased. Alternately, the second threshold voltage adjustable select transistor 617 or 657 has its threshold voltage (V_(t)) adjusted to a programmed level of from approximately −2.5V to approximately −4.0V. That is compared with the threshold voltage of the first threshold voltage adjustable select transistor 656 which has its threshold voltage (V_(t)) level of approximately −0.7V for a threshold voltage adjustable select transistor 616 or 656 that is essentially erased.

The structure, as shown, is similar to that shown in FIG. 2. The orientation and connectivity of the pairs of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable select transistors 615 or 655 can be adjusted as necessary to provide the alternating of the first threshold voltage adjustable select transistors 616 or 656 and second threshold voltage adjustable select transistors 617 or 657. The differences in the threshold voltages (V_(t)) allow selected NAND series strings of the dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 605 t and 605 b from adjacent columns with mutually associated bit lines 625 a, 625 b, and 625 c, to be selected for program, erase, or read.

The gates of the nonvolatile memory cell devices 605 t and 605 b of the NAND series string of the dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 605 t and 605 b and the other memory cell devices (not shown) of the NAND series string of the dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells are connected to the word lines 635 a and 635 b. The top pairs of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable select transistors 615 of FIGS. 7 a and 7 b have their gates connected to the top select gate lines 640 a and 640 b. The bottom pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable select transistors 655 of FIGS. 7 c and 7 d have their gates connected to the bottom select gate lines 645 a and 645 b.

The top and bottom pairs of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable select transistors 615 and 655 as shown with alternating of the first threshold voltage adjustable select transistors 616 and 656 and second threshold voltage adjustable select transistor 617 and 657 between columns having mutually associated bit lines permits activate of the selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 605 t and 605 b by uniquely decoding select gate signal to the top select gate lines 640 a and 640 b and bottom select gate lines 645 a and 645 b.

Refer back now to FIG. 2 for a discussion of the control operation of the first embodiment of the nonvolatile memory array 200 for programming, reading, and erasing trapped charges representing multiple digital data bits within the two charge trapping regions of the selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205. All of the dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205 of the nonvolatile memory array 200 are essentially structured as shown in FIG. 1 a. Multiple digital data bits are stored one charge trapping region at a time in the two separate charge trapping regions of the selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205.

To program a selected row of the dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205, the bit line program circuit 515 of FIG. 6 within the bit line controller 230 activates the first and second bit line program voltage sources 517 and 518 to provide the bit line program voltages (V_(BLn)) necessary for programming each of the charge trapping regions of the dual-sided flash memory cells of the selected row. The word line program circuit 435 of FIG. 5 within the word line controller 250 activates the word line program voltage source 436 that to provide the program voltage (V_(PGM)) for generating a voltage field between a control gate of the selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells and a channel region of the selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cell. The program voltage (V_(PGM)) is from approximately −7.0V to approximately −10.0V for n-channel selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205. Alternately, if the selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205 are a p-channel device the word line voltage level is from approximately +7.0V to approximately +10.0V. It should be noted that the hot carrier charges in the n-channel dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205 are hot-holes and in the p-channel selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205 are hot-electrons. The program state of the charge trapping regions of the selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205 being determined by the number of hot-carriers injected into each of the charge trapping regions.

To program the charge of both of the trapping regions simultaneously, the first bit line program voltage source 517 is set to the bit line voltage level (VBLN) that represents the digital data to programmed to the first charge trapping region and the second bit line program voltage source 518 is set to the bit line voltage level (VBLN) that represents the digital data to programmed to the second charge trapping region. For example if there are to be two binary digits programmed to each of the charge trapping regions, the first bit line program voltage source 517 and the second bit line program voltage source 518 are set according to the voltage levels according to Table 1.

TABLE 1 Binary Digit to Binary Digit to first second charge charge trapping trapping region 70 of region 65 of FIG. 1a FIG. 1a VBLn Level VBLn Level 00 00 VBL1 VBL1 00 01 VBL1 VBL2 00 10 VBL1 VBL3 00 11 VBL1 VBL4 01 00 VBL2 VBL1 01 01 VBL2 VBL2 01 10 VBL2 VBL3 01 11 VBL2 VBL4 10 00 VBL3 VBL1 10 01 VBL3 VBL2 10 10 VBL3 VBL3 10 11 VBL3 VBL4 11 00 VBL4 VBL1 11 01 VBL4 VBL2 11 10 VBL4 VBL3 11 11 VBL4 VBL4

As noted in Atwood, et al., “The charge storage ability of the flash memory cell is a key to the storage of multiple bits in a single cell. The flash cell is an analog storage device not a digital storage device. It stores charge (quantized at a single electron) not bits.” The bit line controller 230 and the word line controller 250 of this invention places a precise amount of charge in the charge trapping regions such that in the nonvolatile memory array 200 the distribution of the charges as shown in FIG. 1 c are sufficiently restricted that program states of each of the charge trapping regions are detectable. In one implementation of the nonvolatile memory array 200 the distribution of the program states is within a narrow range of differences in threshold voltage levels (ΔV_(t)) are set such that there is a detection window of approximately 0.7V. Assuming the ability to differentiate the differences in threshold voltage levels (ΔV_(t)) for each binary digit of the programmed data, any number of bits conceptually may be programmed by the bit line controller 230 and the word line controller 250 of this invention to the charge trapping regions selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205.

To erase a selected row of the dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205, the bit line erase circuit 520 of FIG. 6 within the bit line controller 230 connects the pairs of bit lines 225 a, 225 b, 225 c, 225 d to the ground reference voltage source 623. Any of the associated pair of bit lines 225 a, 225 b, 225 c, 225 d not being erased are connected to the bit line inhibit voltage source 622 to prevent the erasure of the charge trapping regions. The bit line inhibit voltage source 622 is set to an inhibit voltage level of from approximately +7.5V to approximately +10V. To inject the hot carriers injected during the programming of the selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205, the word line erase circuit 440 of FIG. 7 is set to provide a word line erase voltage level of from approximately +15V to approximately +20V for the n-channel dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205. Alternately, if the dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205 are p-channel devices the word line erase voltage level is from approximately −15V to approximately −20V.

A read operation of the nonvolatile memory array 200 of FIG. 2 where the first charge trapping region is read in one direction and the second charge trapping region is read in the opposite direction. During each directional read operation, the word line read voltage source 446 of FIG. 5 within the word line read circuit 445 of the word line controller 400 is connected to the selected word lines 460 a, 460 b, . . . 460 m−1, 460 m to provide a read voltage (V_(READ)). For reading the program state of the first charge trapping region, the word line read voltage source 446 is set to the read voltage level (V_(READ)). The bit line read circuit 525 of FIG. 6 sets the first of the associated pair of bit lines 535 a, 535 b, 535 n−2, . . . 535 n−1, 535 n to the ground reference voltage level (0V) and the second associated pair of bit lines 535 a, 535 b, 535 n−2, . . . 535 n−1, 535 n the drain read voltage (V_(DRAIN)). As noted above, the read voltage level (V_(READ)) must be varied incrementally through each of the threshold boundary voltage levels (VPVn) as shown in FIGS. 1 c to determine the program state of the first charge trapping regions. For reading the program state of the second charge trapping regions, the word line voltage source 446 is set to the read voltage level (V_(READ)). The bit line read circuit 525 sets the first of the associated pair of bit lines 535 a, 535 b, 535 n−2, . . . 535 n−1, 535 n to the drain read voltage (V_(DRAIN)) and the second of the associated pair of bit lines 535 a, 535 b, 535 n−2, . . . 535 n−1, 535 n to the ground reference voltage level (0V). Again, as noted above, the read voltage level (V_(READ)) must be varied incrementally through each of the threshold boundary voltage levels (VPVn) as shown in FIG. 1 c to determine the program state of the second charge trapping region of the selected row of the dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205.

During the read operation, the sense amplifier 540 of FIG. 6 determines whether the selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205 are conducting or not in each direction. Based on the threshold boundary voltage level (VPVN) and the conduction of the selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205, the sense amplifier 540 determines the binary digital data programmed in each of the charge trapping regions and transfers the binary digital data to external circuitry through the data input/output bus 545.

As shown above, the bit line controller 500 of FIG. 6 and the word line controller 400 of FIG. 5 function in concert for operation of the nonvolatile memory array 200. Refer now to FIGS. 2 and 10 a for a description of a single sided program operation of the array of dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205. In FIG. 2 the dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205 a and 205 b are designated as examples of the program operation of selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205. The row containing the selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205 a and 205 b is connected to the selected word line 235 j. The word line program voltage level (V_(PGM)) is applied to the selected word line 235 j and thus to the control gates of the selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205 a and 205 b. The non-selected rows of dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205 are connected to the remaining word lines 235 a, . . . , 235 j−1, 235 j+1, . . . 235 m−1, 235 m of the nonvolatile memory array 200 of this embodiment. The word line controller sets these non-selected word lines 235 a, . . . , 235 j−1, 235 j+1, . . . 235 m−1, 235 m and thus the non-selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205 to the pass voltage level (V_(PASS)).

The bit line controller 230 sets the bit lines 535 a, 535 b, 535 c, . . . 535 n−2, 535 n−1, 535 n the bit line program voltages (V_(BLn)) necessary for programming each of the first charge trapping regions (BIT 1) 265 a and 265 b and the second charge trapping regions (BIT 2) 270 a and 270 b of the dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205 a and 205 b of the selected row. These levels are set based on the binary digital data to be stored as the trapped charge in the first and second charge trapping regions of the selected dual-sided flash memory cells.

To select first charge trapping regions (BIT 1) 265 a and 265 b of the selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205 a and 205 b, the top select gate lines 240 a and 240 b and thus the gates of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 215 a, 215 b, and 215 c are set to the first gate select voltage level (V_(SG1)) to activate the pairs of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 215 a, 215 b, and 215 c to connect the NAND series string groupings 210 a, 210 b, and 210 c of dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205 to their associated bit lines 225 a, 225 b, and 225 c. The bottom select gate line 245 and thus the gates of the threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors 220 a, 220 b, and 220 c are set to the second gate select voltage level (V_(SG2)) to deactivate the 20 threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors 220 a, 220 b, and 220 c to insure that the second sides of the NAND series string groupings 210 a, 210 b, and 210 c of dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205 are disconnected from their associated bit lines 225 a, 225 b, and 225 c.

To select second sides (BIT 2) 270 a and 270 b of the selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205 a and 205 b, the bottom select gate line 245 and thus the gates of the threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors 220 a, 220 b, and 220 c are set to the first gate select voltage level (V_(SG1)) to activate the threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors 220 a, 220 b, and 220 c to connect the NAND series string groupings 210 a, 210 b, and 210 c of dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205 to their associated bit lines 225 a, .225 b, and 225 c. The selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205 a and 205 b, the top select gate lines 240 a and 240 b and thus the gates of the pairs of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 215 a, 215 b, and 215 c are set to the second gate select voltage level (V_(SG2)) to deactivate the pairs of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 215 a, 215 b, and 215 c to insure that the first sides (BIT 1) 265 a and 265 b of the selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205 are disconnected from their associated bit lines 225 a, 225 b, and 225 c. This process as described is accomplishes programming the first sides (BIT 1) 265 a and 265 b and the second sides (BIT 2) 270 a and 270 b of the selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205 a and 205 b in a serial fashion.

As noted above, the second threshold voltage adjustable top select transistor 217 a, 217 b, and 217 c of the pairs of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 215 a, 215 b, and 215 c has its threshold voltage (V_(t)) to a level of from approximately +2.5V to approximately +4.0V or from approximately −2.5V to approximately −4.0V.

In the case of the second transistors 217 a, 217 b, and 217 c of the pairs of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 215 a, 215 b, and 215 c with threshold voltage (V_(t)) of from approximately +2.5V to approximately +4.0V in series with a second transistors 216 a, 216 b, and 216 c of the pairs of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 215 a, 215 b, and 215 c with a threshold voltage (V_(t)) of approximately +0.7V, the second gate select voltage level (V_(SG2)) turns on only the second threshold voltage adjustable top select transistor 216 a, 216 b, and 216 c when the second gate select voltage level (V_(SG2)) is set to be in-between the threshold voltages of the first threshold voltage adjustable top select transistor 216 a, 216 b, and 216 c and the second threshold voltage adjustable top select transistor 217 a, 217 b, and 217 c of the pairs of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 215 a, 215 b, and 215 c.

In the case of the pairs of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 215 a, 215 b, and 215 c with the second threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 217 a, 217 b, and 217 c having a threshold voltage (V_(t)) of from approximately −2.5V to approximately −4.0V in series with first threshold voltage adjustable top select transistor 216 a, 216 b, and 216 c with a threshold voltage (V_(t)) of approximately −0.7V, the second gate select voltage level (V_(SG2)) turns on only the second threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 216 a, 216 b, and 216 c of the pairs of serially connected top select transistors 215 a, 215 b, and 215 c when the second gate select voltage level (V_(SG2)) is again set to be in-between the threshold voltages of the first threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 216 a, 216 b, and 216 c and the second threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 217 a, 217 b, and 217 c of the pairs of serially connected top select transistors 215 a, 215 b, and 215 c. The first gate select voltage level (V_(SG1)) in both cases is set large enough to turn on both first threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 216 a, 216 b, and 216 c and the second threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 217 a, 217 b, and 217 c of the pairs of serially connected top select transistors 215 a, 215 b, and 215 c.

Table 2 provides the program voltage levels for the two threshold voltage levels (V_(t)) of the pairs of serially connected top select transistors 215 a, 215 b, and 215 c.

TABLE 2 Voltage Level Positive Threshold Negative Threshold V_(SG1) ~+5.0 V to ~+10.0 V ~−10.0 V to ~−15.0 V  V_(SG2)  ~+0 V to ~+2.0 V   ~0 V to ~−2.0 V V_(PGM) ~−6.0 V to ~−15.0 V ~−6.0 V to ~−15.0 V V_(PASS) ~+5.0 V to ~+10.0 V ~+5.0 V to ~+10.0 V V_(BL1.2.3) ~+3.00 V to ~+5.0 V  ~+3.00 V to ~+5.0 V 

Erasure of the nonvolatile memory array 200 of dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205 of this invention is illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 8 b. The erasure is shown as a row wise erase, where a selected row received a word line erase voltage level (V_(ERS)) from the selected word line 235 j as applied by the word line controller 250. The word line erase voltage level is from approximately +15V to approximately +20V for n-channel dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205 a and 205 b to inject hot electrons into the charge trapping region. The word line controller 250 applies the ground reference voltage level (0V) to the non-selected word line 235 a, . . . , 235 j−1, 235 j+1, . . . , 235 m and thus to the dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205 to prevent removal of the trapped charges from the first and second charge trapping regions of the non-selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205.

The bit line controller 230 applies the ground reference voltage level (OV) to each of the associated pair of bit lines 225 a, 225 b, 225 c, and 225 d for a complete erase. In an array configuration, certain cells require that they not be subjected to the erasure operation. In this circumstance, the bit line controller 230 applies an inhibit voltage level (V_(INH)) of from approximately +7.5V to approximately +10V to those associated pair of bit lines 225 a, 225 b, 225 c, 225 d that are sufficiently erased and do not require further erasure. To provide the connections of the NAND series string groupings 210 a, 210 b, and 210 c to the associated bit lines 225 a, 225 b, and 225 c, the pairs of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 215 a, 215 b, and 215 c and the threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors 220 a, 220 b, and 220 c are activated when the word line controller 250 sets the top select gate lines 240 a and 240 b and the bottom select gate line 245 to the first gate select voltage level (V_(SG1)) during the erasure time.

Refer now to FIGS. 2 and 8 c for the explanation of the reading of a selected row of the dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205. A selected row of the dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205 a and 205 b has the word line read voltage level (V_(READ)) applied to the associated word line 235 j and thus to the control gates of the selected n-channel dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205 a and 205 b. The non-selected rows of dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205 are connected to the remaining word lines 235 a, . . . , 235 j−1, 235 j+1, . . . , 235 m of the array. The word line controller 250 sets these word lines 235 a, . . . , 235 j−1, 235 j+1, . . . , 235 m and thus the dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205 to a word line read pass voltage level (V_(PASS)). The word line read pass voltage level (V_(PASS)) insures that the non-selected rows of dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205 are not activated during the read operation.

To read the first charge trapping region (BIT 1) 265 a and 265 b of the dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205 a and 205 b, the word line controller 250 sets the top select gate lines 240 a and 240 b to the first gate select voltage level (V_(SG1)) to activate the selected pairs of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 215 a, 215 b, and 215 c to connect the first charge trapping region (BIT 1) 265 a and 265 b its associated bit lines 225 a, 225 b, and 225 c. The word line controller 250 then sets the bottom select gate line 245 to the second gate select voltage level (V_(SG2)) to deactivate the bottom threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistor 220 a, 220 b, and 220 c to prevent the second charge trapping region (BIT 2) 270 a and 270 b of the selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205 a and 205 b from being connected to the bit lines 225 a, 225 b, and 225 c. The bit line controller 230 sets the first of the associated pairs of bit lines 225 a, 225 b, 225 c, and 225 d connected to the first charge trapping region (BIT 1) 265 a and 265 b to the ground reference voltage level (0V) and the second of the associated bit lines 225 a, 225 b, and 225 c connected to the second charge trapping regions to the drain read voltage (V_(DRAIN)). As noted above, the read voltage level (V_(READ)) must be varied incrementally through each of the threshold boundary voltage levels (VPVn) as shown in FIG. 1 c to determine the program state of the first charge trapping region of each of the selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205 a and 205 b.

For reading the program state of the second charge trapping region (BIT 2) 270 a and 270 b of the selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205 a and 205 b of the selected n-channel dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205 a and 205 b, the word line controller 250 sets the bottom select gate line 245 to the first gate select voltage level (V_(SG1)) to activate the threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors 220 a, 220 b, and 220 c to connect the second charge trapping region (BIT 2) 270 a and 270 b its associated bit lines 225 a, 225 b, and 225 c. The word line controller 250 then sets the top select gate lines 240 a and 240 b to the second gate select voltage level (V_(SG2)) to deactivate the pairs of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 215 a, 215 b, and 215 c to prevent the first charge trapping region (BIT 1) 265 a and 265 b of the selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205 a and 205 b from being connected to the bit lines 225 a, 225 b, and 225 c.

The bit line controller 230 sets the first of the associated bit lines 225 a, 225 b, and 225 c connected to the first charge trapping regions to the drain read voltage (V_(DRAIN)) and the second of the associated pair of bit lines 225 a, 225 b, and 225 c connected to the second charge trapping regions to the ground reference voltage level (0V). Again, as noted above, the read voltage level (V_(READ)) must be varied incrementally through each of the threshold boundary voltage levels (VPVn) as shown in FIG. 1 c to determine the program state of the second charge trapping region of each of the selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205.

It should be noted that the drain read voltage (V_(DRAIN)) level must be sufficient to overcome threshold voltages of the first and second charge trapping regions and not sufficient to cause soft writing of the dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205. The first gate select voltage level (V_(SG1)) and second gate select voltage level (V_(SG2)) are as noted for the programming in Table 2. for both the erase and the read operation.

During the read operation, a sense amplifier within the bit line controller 230 determines whether the selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205 are conducting or not in each direction. Based on the threshold boundary voltage level (VPVn) and the conduction of the selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205, the sense amplifier determines the binary digital data programmed in each charge trapping regions of the selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205 and transfers the binary digital data to external circuitry through an data input/output bus.

The control operation of the second embodiment of the nonvolatile memory array 200 for programming, reading, and erasing trapped charges representing multiple digital data bits within the two charge trapping regions of the selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205 of FIG. 3 is essentially identical as that of FIG. 2 with the exception of the activation of the pairs of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors 255 a, 255 b, and 255 c. For Program and Read operations of the second charge trapping region (BIT 2) 270 a and 270 b, the gate select line voltage generator 470 of FIG. 5 provides the appropriate gate select voltage levels (V_(SG1) and V_(SG2)) to the bottom select gate lines 245 a and 245 b for appropriate activation pairs of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors 255 a, 255 b, and 255 c of FIGS. 3.

The gate select line voltage generator 470 has a first select line voltage source 471 that selectively provides the first select voltage level (V_(SG1)) and the second select line voltage source 472 that selectively provides a second select voltage level (V_(SG2)). As described above, the first and second gate select voltage levels (V_(SG1) and V_(SG2)) are determined by the level and type of pairs of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 215 a, 215 b, and 215 c and pairs of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors 255 a, 255 b, and 255 c. In Table 1, the first gate select voltage level (V_(SG1)) is larger than the second gate select voltage level (V_(SG2)). If the first gate select voltage level (V_(SG1)) is applied to either or both top select gate lines 240 a and 240 b or either of both of the bottom select gate lines 245 a and 245 b, both the first threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 216 a, 216 b, and 216 c and second threshold voltage adjustable top select transistor 217 a, 217 b, and 217 c are turned on. Conversely, If the second gate select voltage level (V_(SG2)) is applied to either or both top select gate lines 240 a and 240 b or either of both of the bottom select gate lines 245 a and 245 b of FIG. 3, the first threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 216 a, 216 b, and 216 c are not turned on and second threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors 217 a, 217 b, and 217 c are turned on. This permits the selection of the columns of the NAND series string groupings 210 a, 210 b, and 210 c for connection to the bit lines 225 a, 225 b, and 225 c. This further allows for simultaneous writing of the first and second charge trapping regions (BIT 1 and BIT 2) 265 a or 265 b and 270 a or 270 b of the selected dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells 205 a or 205 b.

Refer now to FIG. 9 for an overview of the construction of the nonvolatile memory array of dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells of this invention. Multiple dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells are provided (Box 700) and arranged (Box 705) into rows and columns. Groups of the dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells on each column of the nonvolatile memory array dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells of this invention are formed (Box 710) into NAND series strings of the dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells.

Pairs of threshold voltage adjustable select transistors are formed and serially connected (Box 715). The pairs of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors and bottom select transistors are each connected (Box 720) to one of the NAND series strings of the dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells. For the structure of FIG. 2, one pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors and a threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistor are connected (Box 720) to one of the NAND series strings of the dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells. For the structure of FIG. 3, pairs of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors and pairs of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors are connected (Box 720) to one of the NAND series strings of the dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells.

A first transistor of each of the pairs of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable select transistors has its threshold voltage (V_(t)) adjusted (Box 725) to a first threshold voltage (V_(t)) level of approximately +0.7V or approximately −0.7V. A second transistor of each of the pairs of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable select transistors has its threshold voltage (V_(t)) adjusted (Box 730) to a second threshold voltage (V_(t)) level of from approximately +2.5V to approximately +4.0V or from approximately −2.5V to approximately −4.0V. For the nonvolatile memory array of dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells of FIG. 2, the threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistor is adjusted to the (Box 725) to the first threshold voltage (V_(t)) level.

The pairs of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors and bottom select transistors are each programmed or erased in a manner identical to that of the dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells in the regular bit line. In one embodiment, the first threshold voltage (V_(t)) level is set by erasing the threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors and bottom select transistors using a hot hole injection to increase the threshold voltage level (V_(t)). The second threshold voltage (V_(t)) level is set by programming the threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors and bottom select transistors using a Fowler-Nordheim tunneling through the channel by decreasing the threshold voltage level (V_(t)).

Each of the columns of the NAND series strings of the dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells is associated (Box 735) with a pair of bit lines. Each of the pair of associated bit lines may be associated with an adjacent column of the dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells. A source/drain of each of the top most select transistor of the pairs of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors is connected (Box 740) to a first of the associated pair of bit lines and a source/drain of the threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistor for FIG. 2 and the bottom most select transistor of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors of FIG. 3 is connected (Box 740) to the second of the associated pair of bit lines. A bit line controller is connected (Box 745) to the associated pairs of bit lines for each of the columns of the nonvolatile memory array of this invention. A word line is associated with each row of the dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells. The dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells is then connected (Box 750) to control gates of each of the dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells on the associated row of the dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells. A select gate line is connected (Box 755) to each of the gates of the top pair of threshold voltage adjustable select transistors and to each of the gates of the bottom threshold voltage adjustable select transistors of each NAND series string. A word line controller is connected (Box 760) to each of the word lines and thus to control gates of the associated dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells and to each of the select gate lines and thus to the top and bottom pair of threshold voltage adjustable select transistor.

The structure of the connection of the bit lines of FIGS. 2 and 3 are exemplary of an embodiment of an array of dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells connected in NAND series strings with a pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors and a threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistor or a pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors. Other bit line connection structures of the associated bit lines are in keeping with the intent of this invention such as those illustrated in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/075,677 filed on Mar. 13, 2008.

While this invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to the preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. 

1. A nonvolatile memory structure comprising: a plurality of dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells connected in a NAND series string; and a pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors, wherein each of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors have a first source/drain wherein each of the first source/drains are connected together, wherein a first of the serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors has its threshold voltage modified to a first threshold voltage level and a second of the serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors has its threshold voltage modified to a second threshold voltage level, wherein a second source/drain of one of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors is connected to a top dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cell of the NAND series string of dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells, and wherein a second source/drain of another of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors is connected to a first of two bit lines associated with the NAND series string nonvolatile memory structure.
 2. The nonvolatile memory structure of claim 1 further comprising a threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistor having a first source/drain connected to a bottom dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cell of the NAND series string of dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells and a second source/drain connected to a second of the two bit lines associated with the NAND series string nonvolatile memory structure and has its threshold voltage modified to the first threshold voltage level.
 3. The nonvolatile memory structure of claim 1 further comprising a pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors: wherein each of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors have a first source/drain wherein each of the first source/drains are connected together; wherein a first of the serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors has its threshold voltage modified to the first threshold voltage level and a second of the serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors has its threshold voltage modified to the second threshold voltage level; wherein a second source/drain of the first of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors is connected to a bottom dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cell of the NAND series string of dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells; and wherein a second source/drain of the second of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors is connected to the second of two bit lines associated with the NAND series string nonvolatile memory structure.
 4. The nonvolatile memory structure of claim 1 wherein both of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors are turned on only when a first select voltage applied to a gate of the first of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors and a second select voltage applied to a gate of the second of the serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors are greater than the first and second threshold voltages of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors to connect the top dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cell to the first of two bit lines with the NAND series string.
 5. The nonvolatile memory structure of claim 3 wherein both of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors are turned on only when a first select voltage applied to a gate of the first of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors and a second select voltage applied to a gate of the second of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors are greater than the first and second threshold voltages of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors to connect the bottom dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cell to the second of two bit lines with the NAND series string.
 6. The nonvolatile memory structure of claim 1 wherein the first threshold voltage is approximately +0.7V.
 7. The nonvolatile memory structure of claim 3 wherein the second threshold voltage is a larger positive voltage than the first threshold voltage.
 8. The nonvolatile memory structure of claim 7 wherein the larger positive voltage is from approximately +2.5V to approximately +4.0V.
 9. The nonvolatile memory structure of claim 1 wherein the first threshold voltage is approximately −0.7V.
 10. The nonvolatile memory structure of claim 9 wherein the second threshold voltage is a larger negative voltage than the first threshold voltage.
 11. The nonvolatile memory structure of claim 10 wherein the larger negative voltage is from approximately −2.5V to approximately −4.0V.
 12. The nonvolatile memory structure of claim 3 wherein the first threshold voltage is approximately +0.7V.
 13. The nonvolatile memory structure of claim 12 wherein the second threshold voltage is a larger positive voltage than the first threshold voltage.
 14. The nonvolatile memory structure of claim 13 wherein the larger positive voltage is from approximately +2.5V to approximately +4.0V.
 15. The nonvolatile memory structure of claim 3 wherein the first threshold voltage is approximately −0.7V.
 16. The nonvolatile memory structure of claim 15 wherein the second threshold voltage is a larger negative voltage than the first threshold voltage.
 17. The nonvolatile memory structure of claim 16 wherein the larger negative voltage is from approximately −2.5V to approximately −4.0V.
 18. The nonvolatile memory structure of claim 1 wherein the a pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors are SONOS/MONOS charge trapping transistors.
 19. The nonvolatile memory structure of claim 2 wherein the a pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistor is a SONOS/MONOS charge trapping transistor.
 20. The nonvolatile memory structure of claim 3 wherein the a pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors are SONOS/MONOS charge trapping transistors.
 21. A nonvolatile memory array comprising: a plurality of nonvolatile memory cells arranged in row and columns such that groups of the nonvolatile memory cells are serially connected to form NAND nonvolatile memory strings where each column includes at least one of the NAND nonvolatile memory strings, each of the NAND nonvolatile memory strings further comprising: a pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors, wherein each of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors have a first source/drain wherein each of the first source/drains are connected together, wherein a first of the serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors has its threshold voltage modified to a first threshold voltage level and a second of the serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors has its threshold voltage modified to a second threshold voltage level, wherein a second source/drain of the first of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors is connected to a top dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cell of the NAND series string of dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells; and a plurality of bit lines, placed within the nonvolatile memory array such that each the bit lines is associated with at least one of the columns of the plurality of NAND nonvolatile memory strings and each of the columns of the plurality of NAND nonvolatile memory strings is associated with a pair of bit lines: wherein a second source/drain of the second of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors is connected to a first of two bit lines associated with the NAND series string nonvolatile memory structure.
 22. The nonvolatile memory array of claim 21 wherein each NAND nonvolatile memory string further comprises a threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistor having a first source/drain connected to a bottom dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cell of the NAND series string of dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells and a second source/drain connected to a second of the two bit lines associated with the NAND series string nonvolatile memory structure and has its threshold voltage modified to the first threshold voltage level.
 23. The nonvolatile memory array of claim 21 wherein each NAND nonvolatile memory string further comprises a pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors: wherein each of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors have a first source/drain wherein each of the first source/drains are connected together, wherein a first of the serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors has its threshold voltage modified to the first threshold voltage level and a second of the serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors has its threshold voltage modified to the second threshold voltage level, wherein a second source/drain of the first of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors is connected to a bottom dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cell of the NAND series string of dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells, and wherein a second source/drain of the second of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors is connected to the second of two bit lines associated with the NAND series string nonvolatile memory structure.
 24. The nonvolatile memory array of claim 21 wherein both of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors are turned on only when a first select voltage applied to a gate of the first of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors and a second select voltage applied to a gate of the second of the serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors are greater than the first and second threshold voltages of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors to connect the top dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cell to the first of two bit lines with the NAND series string.
 25. The nonvolatile memory array of claim 23 wherein both of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors are turned on only when a first select voltage applied to a gate of the first of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors and a second select voltage applied to a gate of the second of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors are greater than the first and second threshold voltages of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors to connect the bottom dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cell to the second of two bit lines with the NAND series string.
 26. The nonvolatile memory array of claim 21 wherein the first threshold voltage is approximately +0.7V.
 27. The nonvolatile memory array of claim 26 wherein the second threshold voltage is a larger positive voltage than the first threshold voltage.
 28. The nonvolatile memory array of claim 27 wherein the larger positive voltage is from approximately +2.5V to approximately +4.0V.
 29. The nonvolatile memory array of claim 21 wherein the first threshold voltage is approximately −0.7V.
 30. The nonvolatile memory array of claim 29 wherein the second threshold voltage is a larger negative voltage than the first threshold voltage.
 31. The nonvolatile memory array of claim 30 wherein the larger negative voltage is from approximately −2.5V to approximately 4.0V.
 32. The nonvolatile memory array of claim 23 wherein the first threshold voltage is approximately +0.7V.
 33. The nonvolatile memory array of claim 32 wherein the second threshold voltage is a larger positive voltage than the first threshold voltage.
 34. The nonvolatile memory array of claim 33 the larger positive voltage is from approximately +2.5V to approximately +4.0V.
 35. The nonvolatile memory array of claim 23 wherein the first threshold voltage is approximately −0.7V.
 36. The nonvolatile memory array of claim 41 wherein the second threshold voltage is a larger negative voltage than the first threshold voltage.
 37. The nonvolatile memory array of claim 36 wherein the larger negative voltage is from approximately −2.5V to approximately −4.0V.
 38. The nonvolatile memory array of claim 21 wherein the a pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors are SONOS/MONOS charge trapping transistors.
 39. The nonvolatile memory array of claim 22 wherein the a pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistor is a SONOS/MONOS charge trapping transistor.
 40. The nonvolatile memory array of claim 23 wherein the a pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors are SONOS/MONOS charge trapping transistors.
 41. A method of forming a nonvolatile memory structure comprising the steps of: forming a plurality of dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells; connecting a plurality of dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells in a NAND series string; forming a pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors; connecting together both first sources/drains of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors; modifying a threshold voltage of a first of the serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors to a first threshold voltage level; modifying a threshold voltage of a second of the serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors to a second threshold voltage level; connecting a second source/drain of the first of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors to a top dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cell of the NAND series string of dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells; and connecting a second source/drain of second of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors to a first of two bit lines associated with the NAND series string nonvolatile memory structure.
 42. The method of forming a nonvolatile memory structure of claim 41 further comprising the steps of: forming a threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistor; modifying a threshold voltage of threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistor to the first threshold voltage level; connecting a first source/drain of the threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistor to a bottom dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cell of the NAND series string of dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells; and connecting a second source/drain of threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistor to a second of two bit lines associated with the NAND series string nonvolatile memory structure.
 43. The method of forming a nonvolatile memory structure of claim 41 further comprising the steps of: forming a pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors; connecting together both first sources/drains of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors; modifying a threshold voltage of a first of the serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors to the first threshold voltage level; modifying a threshold voltage of a second of the serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors to the second threshold voltage level; connecting a second source/drain of the first of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors to a bottom dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cell of the NAND series string of dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cells; and connecting a second source/drain of second of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistors to a second of two bit lines associated with the NAND series string nonvolatile memory structure.
 44. The method of forming a nonvolatile memory structure of claim 41 wherein both of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors are turned on only when a first select voltage applied to a gate of the first of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable select top transistors and a second select voltage applied to a gate of a second of pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable select top transistors are greater than the threshold voltages of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable select top transistors to connect the top dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cell to the first of two bit lines with the NAND series string.
 45. The method of forming a nonvolatile memory structure of claim 43 wherein both of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable select bottom transistors are turned on only when the first select voltage applied to a gate of the first of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable select bottom transistors and the second select voltage applied to a gate of a second of pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable select bottom transistors are greater than the threshold voltages of the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable select bottom transistors to connect the bottom dual-sided charge-trapping nonvolatile memory cell to the first of two bit lines with the NAND series string.
 46. The method of forming a nonvolatile memory structure of claim 41 wherein modifying the threshold voltage the first of the serially connected top select transistors comprises the step of adjusting the second threshold voltage of the second serially connected top select transistor to a larger positive voltage than the first threshold voltage.
 47. The method of forming a nonvolatile memory structure of claim 46 wherein the first threshold voltage is approximately +0.7V.
 48. The method of forming a nonvolatile memory structure of claim 47 wherein the larger positive voltage is from approximately +2.5V to approximately +4.0V.
 49. The method of a forming a nonvolatile memory structure of claim 46 wherein modifying a threshold voltage the first of the serially connected top select transistors comprises the step of adjusting the threshold voltage of the first serially connected top select transistor to a larger negative voltage.
 50. The method of forming a nonvolatile memory structure of claim 49 wherein the first threshold voltage is approximately −0.7V.
 51. The method of forming a nonvolatile memory structure of claim 49 wherein the larger negative voltage is from approximately −2.5V to approximately −4.0V.
 52. The method of forming a nonvolatile memory structure of claim 43 wherein modifying a threshold voltage the first of the serially connected bottom select transistors comprises the step of adjusting the threshold voltage of the first serially connected top select transistor to the larger positive voltage.
 53. The method of forming a nonvolatile memory structure of claim 52 wherein the first threshold voltage is approximately +0.7V.
 54. The method of forming a nonvolatile memory structure of claim 52 wherein the larger positive voltage is from approximately +2.5V to approximately +4.0V.
 55. The method of forming a nonvolatile memory structure of claim 41 wherein modifying a threshold voltage the first of the serially connected top select transistors comprises the step of adjusting the threshold voltage of the first serially connected top select transistor to a larger negative voltage.
 56. The method of forming a nonvolatile memory structure of claim 55 wherein the first threshold voltage is approximately −0.7V.
 57. The method of forming a nonvolatile memory structure of claim 55 the larger negative voltage is from approximately −2.5V to approximately −4.0V.
 58. The method of forming a nonvolatile memory structure of claim 41 wherein forming the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors comprises the step of forming a pair of SONOS/MONOS charge trapping transistors.
 59. The method of forming a nonvolatile memory structure of claim 42 wherein forming the threshold voltage adjustable bottom select transistor comprises the step of forming a SONOS/MONOS charge trapping transistor.
 60. The nonvolatile memory structure of claim 43 wherein forming the pair of serially connected threshold voltage adjustable top select transistors comprises forming a pair of SONOS/MONOS charge trapping transistors. 